CDKN2A and cancer: Makarla et al. found that hypermethylation of a panel of eight cancer-related genes (p16, RARβ, E-cadherin, H-cadherin, APC, GSTP1, MGMT, and RASSF1A) was significantly higher in invasive carcinomas compared to non-invasive cancers and benign cystadenomas [49].