STAT1 and infection: Signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1)-knockout and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88)-knockout mice [149,151,153,154] are examples of mouse models with innate immune deficiency, and such animals display severe effects of the disease, such as pneumonitis, bronchiolitis, and weight loss, and often die within 9 days of infection.