LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: Previous studies have reported the potential involvement of LRRK2 activation in oxidative stress; rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that is frequently used to generate PD experimental models, significantly increased oxidative stress with concomitant phosphorylation at S1292 of LRRK2 (an indicator of LRRK2 kinase activity) in microglia as well as in brains of the PD patient and a rat PD model [70].