For instance, the inhibition of the SHH pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) murine models either chemically or genetically promotes tumour cell proliferation, undifferentiated phenotypes as well as increased vascularity, resulting in greater tumour burden and shorter survival (Lee et al. 2014, Rhim et al. 2014). Here, SHH is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.