TNF and Sepsis: In striking contrast, however, many inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, RANTES, and MIP-2, were elevated in the sera of both groups of mice at 48 hpi, with no detectable differences in the median serum concentrations between groups, indicating that the onset of secondary sepsis is likely independent of MyD88 (Fig. 2B, F, H to J).