Lack of IL-10 signalling and translocation of opportunistic pathogens and their products to the liver may contribute to granulomatous inflammation and production of proinflammatory cytokines by Kupffer cells and infiltrating bone-marrow-derived-monocytes/macrophages resulting in failure of microbial clearance, tissue damage with consequent liver failure [58, 59] and lethal disease. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is Hepatic failure.