TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Other than NF‐κB p65, other pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐a were important mediators of the inflammatory response in ALI/ARDS (Mokra & Kosutova, 2015), In ALI/ARDS, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐8, and IL‐6, which are usually increased, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients at risk of ARDS or with established ARDS, IL‐1β, TNF‐a (Park, Goodman, Steinberg, et al., 2001), and IL‐8 (Gonzalez‐Lopez, Garcia‐Prieto, Batalla‐Solis, et al., 2012) were elevated.