To test this, we found the low levels of TGF-β were observed specifically in the B16-SIY and MC38-AS models in contrast to the marked elevated levels of TGF-β in the other tumor models (ID8, 4T1, LLC1, and MC38-HS) (Fig. 5a), which is in line with the ability of anti-4-1BB treatment to reduce CD73+ subset in CD8+ tumor infiltrates (Fig. 5b). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.