VEGFA and neoplasm: In addition to its major role in angiogenesis, there is evidence that VEGF can act as an immunosuppressive factor by several mechanisms such as inhibiting dendritic cell (DC) function and maturation, enhancing expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by DCs, promoting infiltration into the tumor of immunosuppressive T regulatory cells, tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, as well as inhibiting cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors [36–39].