CD274 and neoplasm: This principle is behind the development of PD-L1 testing as a companion predictive biomarker for PD-1/PD-L1 based CPI treatment and is currently the only commercially available FDA approved predictive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy (section Tumor mutational burden, PD-L1, and other tumor microenvironment-associated biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor treatment; Table 1).