LCN2 and chronic kidney disease: Elevation in biomarkers suggestive of inflammation (for example, C-reactive protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], or tumor necrosis factor receptor44), inflammatory cytokines (for example, interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha45), and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the renal parenchyma (for example, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages46,47) may be observed early, during subclinical stages of CKD, and increase in parallel as CKD advances44.