As the response to anti-PD-1 monotherapy appears to be mainly limited by the number of preexisting cytotoxic T cells, concurrent TGF-β inhibition provides a powerful strategy to (a) improve T cell priming within the lymph nodes, (b) enhance cytotoxic destruction of tumor cells, and (c) reduce the appearance of immune suppressive immune cells. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.