Slight elevations in serum SDF1α levels were furthermore indicative of disease progression (Jung et al., 2009) and progenitor cell mobilization defects (Jung et al., 2009; Jialal et al., 2010) in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes groups; SDF1α is known to be a potent inducer of stem cell mobilization and migration (Hattori et al., 2001; Huang and Liu, 2012), but metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation during obesity seem to have disrupted the chemotactic effects of this factor (Holmes, 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.