In a cross-sectional study of 358 participants from the SCOPE cohort (of whom 75% had achieved virological suppression during ART), PD-1+ T cells were raised during untreated and treated HIV infection, and PD-1+CD8+ expression was particularly associated with markers of HIV antigenemia, including CD8+ T-cell activation and the HIV load [39]. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and HIV infectious disease.