TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Thus, among overexpressed pathways common to both tumor and mucosa, we found the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, already proposed to link diabetes, obesity, and cancer (Jurjus et al., 2016; Yao et al., 2014).