Neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity are involved in epilepsy-associated neurodegeneration (Coyle, 1987; Devinsky et al., 2013) and brain insults can upregulate A2AR in both microglia and synapses (Cunha, 2016), whereas the upregulation of A2AR in astrocytes occurs later in processes of neurodegeneration (Orr et al., 2015; Ogawa et al., 2018). The gene discussed is ADORA2A; the disease is epilepsy.