Infection of human monocytes, THP-1, MM6, and murine RAW 264.7 cell lines showed an upregulation of hepcidin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), suggesting an increase in cellular iron bioavailability (52). This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and infection.