VCAM1 and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy: Endothelial cells treated with IgG-aPL from men and women with different clinical manifestations of APS showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which resulted in increased endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) via p38 MAPK activation (Simoncini et al., 2005).