UroA/UAS03 treatment also reduced neutrophil infiltration as evident from myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (Fig. 4g) as well as serum inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL1, and IL-1β (Fig. 4h) that are hallmarks of ulcerative colitis. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and ulcerative colitis.