Consequentially, LTNPs may inhibit HIV entry into host cells and maintain the level of CD4+ T cells through up-regulated expression of THBS1. The phylogenetic cluster of envelopes in LTNP-EC patients revealed ineffective binding to CD4, and this modified the signaling activity for actin/tubulin cytoskeletons to result into low fusion and infection capacity [26]. Here, THBS1 is linked to infection.