Among early stage HCC, the receiver operating characteristic area under curve (ROC curve AUC) of PIVKA-II, AFP, and combination of both markers were 0.84, 0.68, and 0.83, respectively; the combination of PIVKA-II and AFP did not seem to be better than PIVKA-II in detecting early stages of HCC [42]. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.