However, whereas we did not observe any significant impact on TER, macromolecular permeability, or TJ transcription levels on a consistent basis when OE-TLR3(-) cells were pre-treated with IFN-β prior to infection, we did notice some augmented protein stability in claudin-1, claudin-2, and claudin-3 (to a lesser degree) in the IFN-β pre-treated OE-TLR3(-) cells (Fig 6). Here, CLDN1 is linked to infection.