Interestingly, ATF4 is chronically induced in various mouse models of mitochondrial dysfunction, and mutations in human mitochondrial proteins can lead to loss of myelin or leukoencephalopathies (Carvalho, 2013; Dogan et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; Mendes et al., 2018; Moisoi et al., 2009; Pereira et al., 2017; Quirós et al., 2017; Taylor et al., 2014). The gene discussed is ATF4; the disease is Leukoencephalopathy.