In particular, I-Ag7/B9-23 CD4+ T cells could play a central role in the induction of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.34, 35 Therefore, the requirements for therapeutic vaccines against T1D are complex36 and should (1) be safe and not trigger autoreactive immune responses, (2) primarily suppress autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses directed against ppins, its processing intermediates, or unusual ribosomal insulin products37 as well as against very different beta cell antigens,19 and (3) operate in individuals with different MHC I and II compositions. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.