In accordance with a prior report showing that C. albicans by itself can perform the priming as well as the activation step for eliciting Nlrp3 inflammasome responses from naive BMDMs (10), incubating unprimed macrophages with C. albicans at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.2 for 24 h sufficed to provoke IL-1β secretion (Fig. 2A). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.