Together with their elicited chemokines/cytokines these TLR9-agonists play crucial roles in the body’s anti-tumor immune response: IFN-alpha stimulates several key regulatory immune cells and thereby initiates innate and also adaptive immune responses [28], the latter especially by activating CD8-alpha+ dendritic cells able to cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T cells [29, 30]. Here, TLR9 is linked to neoplasm.