In contrast, exposure of SH-SY5Y cells, primary neurons, and astrocytes to SFA 16:0 leads to apoptosis, reduces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A, PGC-1alpha) and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) expression, promotes inflammation, and activates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [35,40,41,42], features that have also been observed in the brains of PD patients [43,44,45]. Here, ESR1 is linked to Parkinson disease.