However, a few genes with low FDR-corrected p-values selection cutoffs in both datasets (p<0.0001) were also up-regulated in response to influenza (PKR, PARP9, and MX1), up-regulated in response to West Nile virus (PKR), up-regulated in response to E. coli (F5), or down-regulated in response to E. coli (RAD9A). Here, PARP9 is linked to influenza.