CD40LG and HIV infectious disease: This is in clear contrast with previous studies that detected high levels of sCD40L in chronic hepatitis C HIV coinfected patients (Lapinski et al., 2014) and suggested high shedding of sCD40L due to T-cell turn-over as a marker of immune activation and disease, associated with T-cell exhaustion and poor prognosis of HIV infection (Kornbluth, 2000; Miller et al., 2015).