CSF2 and neoplasm: Several factors such as VEGF, TGFβ, IL-1β, IL-13, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and prostaglandins, that are produced by tumor cells and other cells in the TME, have been shown to inhibit DC differentiation from progenitors and promote their differentiation into immunosuppressive cells such as MDSCs and TAMs (71).