As such, studies in various mouse models have demonstrated that TLR9, TLR7, TLR4, and TLR2 play important roles in malaria immunity and cerebral, placental and other severe malaria pathology (43, 44, 81, 102, 103, 106–108, 124, 128, 174, 195–201). Here, TLR4 is linked to malaria.