TLR9 and malaria: While the involvement of TLR9, TLR4, and TLR2 in malaria immunity/pathology is evident from studies in both mouse malaria models and in humans (43, 106, 195, 197, 198, 200–203, 205, 210), thus far none of the studies in endemic areas have revealed the association of TLR7 with human malaria immunity/pathology.