On the other hand, treatment of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice with recombinant IFN-β resulted in reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ production, decreased expression of ICAM-1 and CXCL9 in the brain, reduced CXCR3 expression by T cells and T cell infiltration to the brain, thereby significantly preventing cerebral malaria and increasing mice survival (178). Here, TNF is linked to cerebral malaria.