Many human B malignancies including B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Burkitt's lymphomas exhibit constitutive signaling via TRAF1 binding TNFRs, such as CD30 and the EBV protein LMP1, and this in turn is thought to contribute to high levels of TRAF1 expression via NF-κB signaling (24, 46, 47). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.