In addition, the activation of caspase-1 in ATM induces t detrimental effects in insulin-sensitive tissues: (i) IL-1β impairs insulin signaling by direct phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and by inducing the expression of TNF-α, a well-characterized pro-inflammatory and insulin resistance promoting cytokine; and (ii) IL-1β induces type 1 CD4 T helper cells in adipose tissue leading to lymphocyte accumulation and activation and promoting insulin resistance (94, 125). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.