In TMEV-induced myocarditis, we previously showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α upregulation was associated with myocarditis in vivo without induction of lymphatic markers, including lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE)-1, or VEGFR3 (55). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myocarditis.