APOH and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy: To address experimentally the potential role of commensal bacteria in APS and SLE, Ruff et al. (53) treated (NZW × BXSB)F1 hybrid mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin or ampicillin), and showed that depleting gut microbiota decreased anti-β2GPI antibody levels and prevented thrombotic events in this model (53).