To address the molecular mechanism of autophagy inhibition by NS1, HeLa cells (Figures 2A,B) and A549 cells (Figures 2C,D) were infected with either R38AK41A mutant deficient in the dsRNA-binding activity or Y89F mutant deficient in the stimulatory activity of class I PI3K (Wang et al., 1999; Hale et al., 2006), and then cells were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assays with anti-LC3 antibody at 10 h post-infection. The gene discussed is MAP1LC3A; the disease is infection.