An activation of p38 MAP kinase pathways is linked to cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction and in RV and LV of end-stage failing human hearts, p38 MAP kinase and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), are activated; a significant correlation between protein kinase activities is observed between LV and RV from the same heart (Nediani et al., 2007). The gene discussed is MAPK14; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.