However, OPN expression in the heart increases significantly under pathophysiological states such as myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, and heart failure in both pre-clinical (Graf et al., 1997; Trueblood et al., 2001; Li et al., 2017), and clinical studies (Graf et al., 1997; Stawowy et al., 2002; Lopez et al., 2013). The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is myocardial infarction.