The presence of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) creates a powerful pro-inflammatory medium, whereas IL-10, arginase 1, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) are rather anti-inflammatory and contribute to the effects of mCSF to restrict neuroinflammation in brain injuries and diseases. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is brain injury.