A connection between defective NCS-1 and neurodegenerative disorders like schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder has also been suggested (Kabbani et al., 2002; Koh et al., 2003; Bai et al., 2004; Handley et al., 2010; Pavlowsky et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene NCS1 and autism.