In line with this thought, it has been proposed that hypothalamic inflammation is a potential cause of leptin and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus of rodents (Thaler et al., 2012; Andre et al., 2017) and patients with obesity and diabetes (Schur et al., 2015; Kreutzer et al., 2017). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.