All of the studies used experimental vaccines of either TA-HPV (therapeutic antigen HPV) a vaccinia-based vector vaccine, or TA-CIN (Tissue Antigen Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia), a fusion protein vaccine comprising HPV16 viral proteins L2, E6 and E7 – the latter 2 responsible for inactivation of the tumour suppressor proteins p53 and pRb respectively, leading to hyper-proliferation of host cells and overexpression of p16 and p14 [5], which can lead to cancer. Here, RB1 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.