NPPB and chronic kidney disease: Several candidate biomarkers for detection of AF have been proposed, such as N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)9 and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)10 reflecting atrial strain, C-reactive protein11 reflecting inflammation, Galectin-312 correlating with cardiac fibrosis, or cystatin or glomerular filtration rate13 as a marker of chronic kidney disease.