TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: However, it is likely through a cytokine-mediated pathway, because our data show that the medium of stimulated TEM cells can induce its upregulation in CIA-FLS and that recombinant proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β) induce KCa1.1α upregulation by RA-FLS.