We found that LA enlargement was associated with older age, male gender, increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation, history of hypertension, diagnosis of heart failure and increasing use of anticoagulants and antihypertensive medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and aldosterone receptor antagonists), beta blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Here, ACE is linked to heart failure.