Compared with the M0+G0 group, the SOD and GSH-Px activity was significantly increased in the M0+G0+LY294002 group and decreased in the M0+G0+IGF-1 group; MDA content was the opposite, indicating that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway can enhance the antioxidant capacity of glutamine in the PD cell model (Fig. 5c, d). Here, SOD1 is linked to Parkinson disease.