Cardiac fibrosis contributes to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction that leads to and/or exacerbates congestive heart failure (CHF) [50], HDAC inhibitors, and in particular class I and IIb HDAC inhibitors, attenuate cardiac fibrosis and improve systolic and diastolic heart function [6,14,22,23,43,51]. This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and congestive heart failure.