However, other mouse models have supported the protective role on neutrophils with an increased number of neutrophils associated with lesser fungal burden.[13, 14] In vivo imaging studies have demonstrated neutrophils directly removing Cryptococcus from the brain vasculature.[14, 15] Furthermore, the augmentation of neutrophil defenses by administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to enhance anti-cryptococcal activity has been demonstrated in vitro [16], animal models[17], as well as in persons living with AIDS. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is AIDS.