In this regard, however, it is noteworthy that a recent study revealed pleiotropic associations of allelic variants in a 2q22 region with risks of major human diseases, such as vascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease, and mortality [47], suggesting a possibility that the serine/threonine TGFβ/activin receptor-signaling pathways might be involved in the regulation of antagonistic pleiotropy. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neurodegenerative disease.