In fructose‐induced NAFLD in mice, the activation of Kupffer cells through TLR4‐dependent mechanism is mediated via a MyD88‐dependent signaling pathway, leading to induction of hepatic TNF‐α mRNA, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and insulin resistance (Rivera et al, 2007; Spruss et al, 2009). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.