TLR9 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In a murine model of NASH, TLR9 bacterial DNA sensing and downstream signaling up‐regulates IL‐1β production by Kupffer cells, induces chemotaxis of macrophages and neutrophils, and leads to steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis (Miura et al, 2010; Mridha et al, 2017).